The phrase refers to individuals who represent themselves in legal proceedings without the assistance of an attorney. Such a litigant assumes all responsibilities typically handled by legal counsel, including preparing legal documents, understanding court procedures, and presenting arguments in court. For instance, an individual filing for divorce and handling all aspects of the case independently, without hiring a lawyer, is acting in this capacity.
Self-representation can offer cost savings by eliminating attorney fees. It may also provide individuals with greater control over their case, allowing them to directly manage all aspects of the legal process. Historically, the right to represent oneself has been considered a fundamental aspect of access to justice, ensuring that individuals are not barred from the legal system simply because they cannot afford legal representation. However, navigating the complexities of the legal system alone can be challenging, demanding significant time, effort, and a thorough understanding of relevant laws and procedures.